As receitas médicas de Hannah Woolley: prática cotidiana e autoridade feminina na Inglaterra do século XVII / The medicinal recipes of Hannah Woolley: everyday practice and female authority in seventeenth-century England

Resumo O artigo retrata os interesses de uma escritora inglesa do século XVII sobre cuidados médicos, e as razões que a levaram a publicar textos sobre essa matéria. Hannah Woolley tecia orientações sobre diversos assuntos do âmbito doméstico, entre os quais receitas para preservar a beleza e a saúde. O artigo investiga os princípios que regiam o preparo dessas receitas, as intenções de Woolley ao escrever sobre o tema, e a maneira como a medicina acadêmica era traduzida e praticada por mulheres no cotidiano da época. O delineamento dessas questões ajudará a elucidar o cenário de atuação das curadoras letradas e a natureza das relações que teceram com os médicos eruditos.

Abstract This article describes a seventeenth-century English woman writer's interests in medical care and the reasons that led her to publish texts on this topic. Hannah Woolley offered guidance on a wide variety of topics in the domestic sphere, including recipes for health and beauty. Here we investigate the principles that governed the preparation of these recipes, Woolley's intentions in writing on this topic, and the way in which academic medicine was translated and practiced by women routinely during this period. Defining these issues will help shed light on the scenario in which literate female healers worked and the nature of their relationships with learned physicians.

Decision-making in the midst of uncertainty: appraising expensive medicines in England / Tomada de decisão em meio à incerteza: avaliando medicamentos de alto preço na Inglaterra

Abstract Decisions need to be made about which services or technologies should be prioritized for provision in the NHS in England .The analysis focuses specifically on the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), and on how they appraise expensive medicines. This analysis takes a sociological perspective on decision-making in relation to uncertainty and how uncertainties are managed, drawing on evidence from a scoping study and an ethnographic study. Uncertainties were central to these rationing decisions. Three types of layers of uncertainty -epistemic, procedural and interpersonal - were shown to be salient. Another form of uncertainty was associated with the complexity of the science and that included the level of technicality of the information provided. The analysis highlighted the salience of uncertainties associated with interpersonal relations and the relations between the committees and the drug industry, clinical and patient experts. A key element in these relationships was trust. Decision makers adopted a mixture of formal and informal, collective and individual strategies in making decisions and a need to exercise pragmatism within a more formal institutional framework. The paper concludes by considering more recent policy developments in relation to appraising expensive medicines.

Resumo O Serviço Nacional de Saúde Inglês precisa tomar decisões sobre quais serviços ou tecnologias devem ser priorizados. A análise se concentra no Instituto Nacional de Excelência em Saúde e Cuidados (NICE) e em como avalia medicamentos de alto preço. Essa análise adota uma perspectiva sociológica na tomada de decisões em relação à incerteza e como elas são gerenciadas, com base em um estudo etnográfico e um estudo de escopo. As incertezas foram centrais para essas decisões. Três tipos de camadas de incerteza - sistêmica, processual e interpessoal - mostraram-se salientes. Outra forma de incerteza estava associada à complexidade da ciência e que incluía o nível de tecnicidade das informações fornecidas. A análise enfatizou particularmente a importância das incertezas associadas às relações interpessoais e às relações entre os comitês e os fabricantes de medicamentos, especialistas clínicos e de pacientes. Um elemento-chave nesses relacionamentos foi a confiança. Os tomadores de decisão adotaram uma mistura de estratégias formais e informais, coletivas e individuais na tomada de decisões e a necessidade de exercer o pragmatismo dentro de uma estrutura institucional formal. O texto finaliza considerando o desenvolvimento mais recente de políticas relacionadas à avaliação de medicamentos caros.

Saúde e pesquisas domiciliares no Brasil e Inglaterra: a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde e a Health Survey for England / Health and household surveys in Brazil and England: The National Health Survey and the Health Survey for England

Resumo O objetivo do artigo é analisar as características das pesquisas nacionais de saúde realizadas no Brasil e na Inglaterra pelos seus respectivos institutos de Estatística. No Brasil foi considerada a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) e na Inglaterra, a Health Survey for England (HSE). Para tanto, apresenta-se inicialmente um panorama sobre os distintos perfis populacionais dos países. Passa-se, então, a um breve histórico das pesquisas, evidenciando inclusive as temáticas comuns que são abordadas na PNS e na HSE que favorecem análises comparativas. Por fim, apresenta-se uma comparação, a título de exemplo, acerca das desigualdades no acesso e na utilização dos serviços de saúde no Brasil e na Inglaterra. Os resultados evidenciam inúmeras possiblidades de análises comparativas em temáticas como percepção de saúde, tabagismo, consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, diabetes e hipertensão. Entretanto, salienta-se a necessidade de atentar para especificidades do perfil populacional de cada país e às características metodológicas das pesquisas.

Abstract This paper aims to analyze the characteristics of national health surveys conducted in Brazil and England by their respective Statistics institutes. For Brazil, the National Health Survey (PNS) was considered, and the Health Survey for England (HSE) for England. To this end, we show a preliminary overview of the different population profiles of the two countries. Then, a brief historical background is presented, including the common themes that are addressed in the PNS and HSE that favor comparative analyses. Finally, we compared, for example, the inequalities in access to and use of Brazilian and English health services. The results show several possibilities for comparative analysis on topics such as health perception, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, diabetes, and hypertension. However, the need to consider the specificities of the population profile of each country and the methodological characteristics of the surveys is emphasized.

La enfermedad de Johann Sebastian Bach y su mediático médico inglés / Johann Sebastian Bach's disease and his bizarre english physician

Johann Sebastian Bach suffered during the last year of his life of a progressive visual defect despite two operations done by a famous but quite controversial English ocular surgeon of that time. The exact diagnosis of his ocular problems is unclear but cataracts and complicated glaucoma seem the most plausible. A septic complication following the ocular surgery could have weakened Bach's health leading to his death only three months after the last intervention. In this paper diverse less known aspects of Bach's disease and life are reported.

Development of the Inpatient Dignity Scale Through Studies in Japan, Singapore, and the United Kingdom

PURPOSE: The importance of human dignity in care is well-recognized. Care recipients' experiences with undignified care have been reported in many countries. However, few studies have measured these situations quantitatively, especially as there are no tools applicable to inpatients receiving ordinary daily care. This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable Inpatient Dignity Scale (IPDS) that can measure inpatients' expectations of and satisfaction with dignity in daily care. METHODS: We conducted a three-phase research project: item generation and a preliminary survey with 47 items related to patients' dignity in Japan, a main survey with 36 items with deliberate translation into English in Singapore, and a confirmatory survey with 35 items in England, with 442, 430, and 500 inpatients as participants in questionnaire surveys, respectively. Data from each survey were processed using factor analysis. RESULTS: Authors obtained a scale with a four-factor structure with acceptable reliability: (F1) respect as a human being, (F2) respect for personal feelings and time, (F3) respect for privacy, and (F4) respect for autonomy. CONCLUSION: The Inpatient Dignity Scale can be periodically used by hospital administrators or nurses to preserve inpatients' dignity in daily care by monitoring inpatients' views regarding their expectations of and satisfaction with dignity.

Trends in endovascular aneurysm repair research: bibliometric analysis from 1994 to 2017

PURPOSE: Since endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) was first introduced in 1991, it has undergone rapid technical and quantitative developments. We analyzed the characteristics and trends of EVAR research through bibliometric analysis. METHODS: Comprehensive online searches focused on EVAR were performed from January 1994 to August 2017. The following information was collected: title, year of publication, countries' contribution, authorship, subspecialty, institution, subject category, and top 10 cited articles. RESULTS: A significant increase was demonstrated globally in the number of annual publications on EVAR. The highest number of publications was from the United States (n = 849, 35.08%), followed by England (n = 343, 14.17%), and the institutions with highest number of publications were Stanford University (n = 61, 2.52%) and Skane University Hospital Malmo (n = 45, 1.86%). The Journal of Vascular Surgery published approximately one quarter of the total publications. Vascular surgeons produced the most publications (n = 1871, 78.14%), followed by radiologists (n = 377, 15.58%) and cardiologists (n = 73, 3.02%). The most studied topics on EVAR were complications and procedures. The number of publications on complex EVAR and EVAR in juxtarenal aneurysm has increased more from 2013 to 2017 (5.1%, 9.5%) compared with from 1998 to 2002 (2.1%, 1.8%). CONCLUSION: Our bibliometric analysis showed the characteristics and trends of publications on EVAR over a period of 25 years. The results of the bibliometric analysis revealed the quantitative improvements of publications and the qualitative improvements in challenging EVAR.

Issues on carcinogen contaminated antihypertensive drugs and constructing drug safety management system

European Medicines Agency withdrew valsartan from European market in July 2018 because it was contaminated with carcinogen, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA). Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency also found the same contamination and withdrew it from England market. US Food and Drug Administration followed the action after confirming its contamination. Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) conducted testing all the valsartans at Korean market and withdrew some of them from market after confirming the contamination with NDMA. MFDS provided the pharmaceutical companies and laboratory institutions with the manual for testing both NDMA and NDEA and educated relevant personnels. MFDS also evaluated the health impact of the contaminated valsartan on the hypertensive patients who took the valsartan, which was shown to be very low risk of additional cancer incidence. MFDS pronounced strengthening of the safety management for the raw materials of the medicines. For guaranteeing the safety of medicines, more comprehensive drug safety management system from developing new drugs to consuming the medicines should be established. For achieving such a goal, active participation of all the stakeholders of the medicines including governmental agencies including MFDS and Ministry of Health and Welfare, the National Assembly, healthcare professionals, pharmaceutical companies, mass media, and general population including patients should be needed.

Incidence of Scarlet Fever in Children in Jeju Province, Korea, 2002-2016: An Age-period-cohort Analysis / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: Outbreaks of scarlet fever in Mexico in 1999, Hong Kong and mainland China in 2011, and England in 2014-2016 have received global attention, and the number of notified cases in Korean children, including in Jeju Province, has also increased since 2010. To identify relevant hypotheses regarding this emerging outbreak, an age-period-cohort (APC) analysis of scarlet fever incidence was conducted among children in Jeju Province, Korea. METHODS: This study analyzed data from the nationwide insurance claims database administered by the Korean National Health Insurance Service. The inclusion criteria were children aged ≤14 years residing in Jeju Province, Korea who received any form of healthcare for scarlet fever from 2002 to 2016. The age and year variables were categorized into 5 groups, respectively. After calculating the crude incidence rate (CIR) for age and calendar year groups, the intrinsic estimator (IE) method was applied to conduct the APC analysis. RESULTS: In total, 2345 cases were identified from 2002 to 2016. Scarlet fever was most common in the 0-2 age group, and boys presented more cases than girls. Since the CIR decreased with age between 2002 and 2016, the age and period effect decreased in all observed years. The IE coefficients suggesting a cohort effect shifted from negative to positive in 2009. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the recent outbreak of scarlet fever among children in Jeju Province might be explained through the cohort effect. As children born after 2009 showed a higher risk of scarlet fever, further descriptive epidemiological studies are needed.

Mobile Text Messaging Interventions for Smoking Cessation: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND: Smoking is one of the most serious health problems worldwide. The aim of this systematic review was to demonstrate the effect of text messaging-based interventions on smoking cessation.METHODS: Electronic databases were searched using specific key terms. The inclusion criteria were (1) articles that employed a randomized controlled trial and (2) articles that examined the effect of text messaging interventions on smoking cessation. However, studies employing multimedia messaging service and smartphone apps were excluded.RESULTS: In total, six randomized controlled trial studies with seven interventions were included in this systematic review. Of these six studies, almost all concluded that text-messaging interventions had no significant effect on smoking cessation. However, one study conducted in England revealed that text messaging intervention groups had a higher rate of six-month prolonged abstinence from smoking than did the control group.CONCLUSION: Text messaging interventions could be effective for those who want to quit smoking. We aimed to determine the effectiveness of using text messaging interventions for smoking cessation. However, there were only six studies that employed randomized controlled trials to determine such effectiveness. More studies on the effect of text messaging interventions for smoking cessation using subjects from various age groups and socioeconomic backgrounds are needed in the future.

Evidence in Orthodontics related to qualitative research

ABSTRACT Introduction: Research in Orthodontics has historically followed the positivist model based on the direct relationship of cause and effect between diseases and their specific etiological factors. Despite the objectivity and the great potential of statistical procedures, quantitative methods have progressively been sharing space with other models that can encompass the multiplicity of factors that affect the health-disease process, which until such time was reduced to its biological dimension. Objectives: This study aims, through an integrative review, to identify orthodontics articles published over a 10-year period that have used, exclusively or not, some method of qualitative research, and analyze the main aspects of their content. Methods: A survey was performed on Pubmed, Medline, Scopus, and Lilacs databases from 2007 to 2016 with a focus on the applicability of the qualitative methodology in orthodontic research. Results: The 27 articles selected showed a trend to increase in publications, with the most recent four years concentrating almost 60% of them. Most studies were from Europe, particularly the UK, and the more frequent study objectives were related to the perception of people about the reasons for orthodontic treatment, about the aesthetic and psychosocial impact of malocclusion or orthodontic treatment, and the implications of these factors for their quality of life. Conclusions: Because of its potential to explore behaviours and socio-cultural attitudes sustained in subjectivity, qualitative research offers new possibilities for orthodontic studies and can be used in an exclusive or complementary way in relation to quantitative methods.

RESUMO Introdução: a pesquisa em Ortodontia tem, historicamente, seguido um modelo baseado na relação direta de causa e efeito entre doenças e seus fatores etiológicos específicos. Apesar da objetividade e do grande potencial de procedimentos estatísticos, métodos quantitativos têm, progressivamente, compartilhado espaço com outros modelos que podem englobar a multiplicidade de fatores que afetam o processo saúde-doença, o qual, até pouco tempo, era reduzido à sua dimensão biológica. Objetivos: esse estudo objetivou, por meio de uma revisão sistemática integrativa, identificar como tem sido aplicada a metodologia qualitativa em Ortodontia nos últimos 10 anos. Métodos: foi realizado um levantamento nas bases de dados Pubmed, Medline, Scopus e Lilacs, no período compreendido de 2007 a 2016, com um enfoque na aplicabilidade da metodologia qualitativa em pesquisas em Ortodontia. Resultados: os 27 artigos selecionados mostraram uma tendência ao aumento das publicações, com os últimos quatro anos concentrando quase 60% delas. A maioria dos estudos foi realizada na Europa, particularmente no Reino Unido, e os objetivos mais frequentes nos estudos foram relacionados à percepção das pessoas quanto aos motivos para o tratamento ortodôntico, o impacto estético e psicossocial da má oclusão e do tratamento ortodôntico, e sua relação com a qualidade de vida. Conclusões: devido ao seu potencial para explorar comportamentos e atitudes socioculturais sustentados na subjetividade, a pesquisa qualitativa oferece novas possibilidades para estudos ortodônticos e pode ser utilizada de forma exclusiva ou complementar aos métodos quantitativos.

An 8-Week Low-Intensity Progressive Cycling Training Improves Motor Functions in Patients with Early-Stage Parkinson's Disease

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The effects of high-intensity cycling as an adjuvant therapy for early-stage Parkinson's disease (PD) were highlighted recently. However, patients experience difficulties in maintaining these cycling training programs. The present study investigated the efficacy of cycling at a mild-to-moderate intensity in early-stage PD. METHODS: Thirteen PD patients were enrolled for 16 serial cycling sessions over a 2-month period. Motor function was assessed using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III (UPDRS III) and Timed Up and Go (TUG) test as primary outcomes. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), modified Hoehn and Yahr Stage (mHYS), total UPDRS, Falls Efficacy Scale, New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire, Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living, 39-item Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire, Patient Global Impression of Change, and gait performance were assessed as secondary outcomes. RESULTS: The age and the age at onset were 59.67±7.24 and 53.23±10.26 years (mean±SD), respectively. The cycling cadence was 53.27±8.92 revolutions per minute. The UPDRS III score improved significantly after 8 training sessions (p=0.011) and 16 training sessions (T2) (p=0.001) in the off-state, and at T2 (p=0.004) in the on-state compared to pretraining (T0). The TUG duration was significantly shorter at T2 than at T0 (p < 0.05). The findings of MoCA, total UPDRS, double limb support time, and mHYS (in both the off- and on-states) also improved significantly at T2. CONCLUSIONS: Our pioneer study has demonstrated that a low-intensity progressive cycling exercise can improve motor function in PD, especially akinesia. The beneficial effects were similar to those of high-intensity rehabilitation programs.

O que podemos aprender com a atual realidade da Atenção Primária inglesa? Considerações a partir da tradução de textos da British Journal of General Practice pela Revista Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade / What can we learn from the reality of UK's primary care? Reflections on the translation of texts from the British Journal of General Practice by the Brazilian Journal of Family and Community Medicine / ¿Qué podemos aprender de la realidad de la atención primaria del Reino Unido? Consideraciones sobre la traducción de textos del British Journal of General Practice por la Revista Brasileña de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria

Neste editorial, apresentamos a nova sessão de textos traduzidos, fruto da parceria da Revista Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade com a British Journal of General Practice. Em 2017, optamos por traduzir textos que trouxessem para o Brasil reflexões sobre a atualidade da atenção primária inglesa, particularmente sobre a incorporação de tecnologias na prática dos médicos de família, a necessidade de maior conhecimento sobre a relação entre oferta, demanda e acesso aos serviços de saúde, bem como sobre os efeitos de políticas de pagamento por performance na prática dos profissionais de saúde. Tais reflexões são atuais para o contexto brasileiro, sugerindo a importância de maiores investimentos em inovação e produção de conhecimentos científicos para o fortalecimento da APS no país

In this editorial, we present the new session of translated texts, fruit of the partnership of the Brazilian Journal of Family and Community Medicine with the British Journal of General Practice. In 2017, we chose to translate texts that brought to Brazil reflections on the current reality of United Kingdom's primary health care, particularly on the incorporation of technologies in general practice, the need for greater knowledge about the relationship between supply, demand and access to health services, as well as the effects of pay for performance policies on the practice of health professionals. These reflections are current for the Brazilian context, suggesting the importance of greater investments in innovation and production of scientific knowledge for strengthening primary health care in the country.

En este editorial, presentamos la nova sesión de textos traducidos, fruto de la colaboración de la Revista Brasileña de Medicina Familiar y Comunidad con el British Journal of General Practice. En 2017, optamos por traducir textos que trajesen a Brasil reflexiones sobre la actualidad de la atención primaria del Reino Unido, particularmente sobre la incorporación de tecnologías en la práctica de los médicos de familia, la necesidad de un mayor conocimiento sobre la relación entre oferta, demanda y acceso a los servicios de salud, así como sobre los efectos de políticas de pago por desempeño en la práctica de los profesionales de salud. Tales reflexiones son actuales para el contexto brasileño, sugiriendo la importancia de mayores inversiones en innovación y producción de conocimientos científicos para el fortalecimiento de la atención primaria de salud en el país.

Andrew Lees, a visionary mentored by a madman / Andrew Lees, um visionário orientado por um louco

ABSTRACT Andrew Lees, Professor of Neurology at the National Hospital Queen Square (London, UK), has been recognized as the world’s most highly-cited researcher over the 200-year history of Parkinson’s Disease. Although he remains actively involved in the investigation of movement disorders, Prof. Lees embarked on a literary career that started in 2011 with the publication of a social history of his native Liverpool. His last work is Mentored by a Madman: The William Burroughs Experiment, which is reviewed here.

RESUMO Andrew Lees, Professor Titular de Neurologia no National Hospital Queen Square (Londres, Reino Unido), é reconhecido como o mais citado pesquisador em 200 anos de história de doença de Parkinson. Embora permaneça ativamente envolvido em investigação em distúrbios do movimento, o Prof. Lees iniciou carreira literária em 2011 com a publicação de uma história social de sua native Liverpool. Seu último trabalho nesta área é Mentored by a Madman. The William Burroughs Experiment que revisado neste artigo.